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People have never agreed on the circumstances of her death: her brother said it was “entirely” an accident, others said she was a martyr. One thing is certain- her skull was fractured by the King's horse and she never did regain consciousness. These days we can watch the grainy, grisly footage on YouTube. We can watch that blurred image of a women in her long, long skirt, as she darts onto Epsom racecourse. She gets trampled by King George V's horse. The year was 1913 and Emily Wilding Davison was a suffragette.
Despite her devotion and her desperate measures, votes for women were not made law until 15 years after her death. In 1928 this civil rights milestone was achieved through an act of Parliament. 2008 will mark the 80th anniversary of this pivotal point in political history. Although we may spare little thought for this fundamental political right, it is worth baring in mind that eighty years of voting freedom could not have been achieved without the dedicated activism of the suffragettes.
The Representation of the People Bill of 1928 ensured that all women aged 21 and above were granted voting rights equal to men. Prior to this, the 1917 bill of the same name meant that only women over the age of 30 who owned a home were eligible to vote. The discreet, slightly hushed voices of the fledgling women's suffrage movement had been heard occasionally since the late 1700s. But society would have to wait an entire century to hear the raised voices of women such as Emily Wilding Davison and her contemporaries.
The struggle for the right to vote had been in motion since the first women's petition was presented to parliament by MP Henry Hunt. Yorkshire woman Mary Smith was behind this petition, but in 1832 the time was not right. John Stuart Mills presented the second women's petition to parliament in 1867. Still the time was not right. It was in this same year that the London National Society for Women's Suffrage was founded. Each request to Parliament for the enfranchisement of women was met with heckles, fury and obvious rejection.
Parliament, and indeed Queen Victoria herself, could not stomach the thought of women having the vote. The Queen called women's rights a “wicked folly” and declared that “Feminists ought to get a good whipping.” Women were expected to know their place. They were also expected to be without a voice. Suffrage leader Emmeline Pankhurst did not agree with this. Pankhurst, along with her daughters Sylvia, Christabel and Adela organized and encouraged women. Motivated by their family's socialist ideals, the Pankhursts made it their business to lobby parliament, to make speeches and to mobilize demonstrations. The Pankhursts frequently hosted feminists, radicals, and anarchists in their homes: they embraced free thinking. Even today, it is the Pankhurst name that is synonymous with women's suffrage in England.
It was during a meeting held by Emmeline Pankhurst that Emily Wilding Davison volunteered to go on a mission. The mission was to attempt an audience with the Prime Minister. But Davison was arrested while trying to get into the House of Commons. She was sent to jail for a month. This would be the first of many jail stays for the militant Davison. She later wrote “When I was shut in the cell I at once smashed 17 panes of glass…Then they rushed me into another cell in which everything was fixed. I broke seven panes of that window…” As she sat counting down the hours until her release, Davison scratched these words into the wall of her cell: 'Rebellion against tyrants is obedience to God.'
It is not surprising that Davison should mention God. She prayed daily, when she was blue she sang hymns to cheer herself up, and she kept a copy of the Bible by her bed. Her well-known religious zeal prompted people to say that she saw herself as a martyr. In 1912, during another of her incarcerations, Davison hurled herself from a prison balcony. Suffering no injuries thanks to a safety net, she set about planning another act of self-sacrifice: “The idea in my mind was one big tragedy may save many others.” Davison threw herself down an iron staircase. She sustained spinal injuries and head injuries, it took her many months to recover.
But perhaps the recovery was merely physical. The mental ills caused by a society intent on treating women so unjustly may have never left her. If she had been around today, her prospects would've been radically different. In her formative years, Davison studied at the Royal Holloway College in London, later she studied English Language and English Literature at St. Hugh's College, Oxford. This was at a time when women were not even admitted to Oxford University. When her father died and her family could no longer afford her tuition, she got herself a job, paid her own way and studied part-time. Davison was bright and ambitious. Because she was a woman her brilliance was stifled.
The coroner recorded Davison's death as accidental, adding that her fractured skull was 'caused by being accidentally knocked down by a horse through willfully rushing on to the race course at Epsom Downs Surrey on the 4th June 1913 during the progress of the race.' At the time, sources close to Davison claimed that she had not intended to bring about her untimely death. She had purchased a return train ticket to Epsom, not a one-way ticket. Davison's associates said that she had made plans to drape a suffrage flag on the King's horse. She did have two suffrage flags with her, one under her coat and the other rolled up in her hand.
We may never know the truth of her motives, but her actions may help us to understand the anguish of a woman without a political voice. When you look at that grainy, grisly image on the computer, and you watch, for those 76 seconds as the woman on the screen in that long, long skirt is fatally injured by the King's horse, remember her name: Emily Wilding Davison.
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